• They developed from the black 'bear' dogs transported to Newfoundland and the Americas by Vikings around 1000 A.D. (research done from the 1950's onwards uncovered a Viking settlement on the northern tip of Newfoundland at L'Anse aux Meadows and skeletons of large dogs)
• They evolved from the American Black Wolf or from other native dogs.
• They developed from the inter-breeding of European dogs brought to Newfoundland in the 15th and 16th century by explorer's.

The first written record of the Newfoundland Dog occurs in 1775 when George Cartwright, entrepreneur, sportsman, and diarist, applied the name of the breeds native island to his own dog.

In 1780, in order to promote sheep raising, the then Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland, Richard Edwards, limited the legal ownership of Newfoundland Dogs to one per household. This decree failed to help sheep raising but did drive the native Newfoundland dog to the edge of extinction. During this time many dogs were exported or destroyed and it was only due to a few newfoundlander's breaking the law for their love of the breed, that the breed survived on the island.

During the 18th Century, Newfoundland Dogs began to increase in popularity and numbers, it is around this time that the Newfoundland begins to appear in literature and journals, examples include;
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte;
"I stopped a minute, looked round and listened, with an idea that a horse's hoofs might ring on the causeway again, and that a rider in a cloak, and a Gytrash-like Newfoundland dog, might be again apparent:"

Journals of the Lewis Clark Expedition to the Pacific Northwest;
"Summer 1803, Lewis oversees construction of big keelboat in Pittsburgh, then takes it down Ohio River, picking up Clark and some recruits along the way. With Lewis is a Newfoundland dog, Seaman, he has purchased for 20 dollars."

The English Artist, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer (1802-1873) painted many Newfoundlands during his life, particularly, the white and black variety. Since that time white and black Newfoundlands have been named 'Landseer' in his honour. In some countries around the world the Landseer is regarded as a distinct breed and there its shape has diverged from the U.K. Breed Standard, producing a longer legged dog.

It is estimated that in 1824, as many as 2,000 Newfoundland dogs were working for their owners in the city of St. John's, Newfoundland alone, being used to deliver milk and haul loads throughout the city.

A typical 21st century Newfoundland

The first recorded official showing of the Newfoundland was at the national dog show in Birmingham, England in 1860, (The show continues to this day and is considered the world's oldest surviving dog show.). Six Newfoundlands were entered.

Most of todays Newfoundlands can trace their ancestry back to an English Show Dog named Siki in the 1920's

In the United Kingdom statistics from The Kennel Club show the Breed Population is stable with around 1,000 Newfoundlands being registered each year through their registration scheme.

J. M. Barrie with his Newfoundland 'Luath'

Viking illustration of a dog

19th Century illustration of American Black Wolf

1790 Illustration of Newfoundland Dog
(Macgilvray's History of British Quadrapeds)

Newfoundland Dog Called Lion, 1824
Sir Edwin Henry Landseer